Biological Effects of Radiation

 At the center of each atom in all molecules or materials including cancer cells, there is a nucleus, surrounded by negatively charged particles or electrons. If a high-energy charged particles such as protons or other forms of radiation on the orbital electrons, then protons a positive charge will attract negative charge of the electron, and removing it from the orbital called the ionization event. Ionization events will change the characteristics of atoms and characteristics of these molecules will be changed.Transformation is  the concept of utilization of all ionizing radiation for therapy, because the events of ionization, radiation can lead to damage to molecules in the cell, including DNA as genetic material, which continues to damage to vital functions of cells is the process of cell division. Theoretically, the enzyme may help cells to recover DNA damage, but in terms of damage is quite intensive, the enzyme no longer able to repair the damage. In such cases, cancer cells are permanently damaged leading to the death to the next. 

Biological effects of various types of radiation does not only depend on the dose given, but also depend on the microscopic distribution of the usual dose is expressed as a linear energy transfer (LET), which is equivalent to dE / dx. Charged particles such as protons have a high LET compared with photons. Similarly, price of relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Depending on the amount of energy, the proton RBE ranged from 1-16, while the RBE (photon = 1. Thus, with proton radiation is more effective than with photons.